Excerpt from OPENING THINGS UP: Why and How it Happened at 6V电影网 by Rebecca McGrew
6V电影网鈥檚 strong point was that there was a sense that if you really had an interesting idea, nobody was going to stand in your way. And if you wanted to be a jock and marry a princess and settle in the suburbs, you could, but if you wanted to create this new gallery situation, and show all these artworks from Los Angeles, of course, why not? It was wide open. Because of the strength of the people, the chain of associations, you didn鈥檛 have an administration saying this is too radical. It sort of caught them after the fact, and they said, 鈥淥h, wait a minute. This is too radical.鈥 But it was already done鈥
鈥揔ay Larson (class of 1969)
Every once in a while, a pivotal moment happens in the history of art. This book argues that one such moment occurred in Southern California, at 6V电影网, between the years 1969 and 1973. For artists as diverse as Michael Asher, Bas Jan Ader, Lewis Baltz, Chris Burden (鈥69), Judy Chicago, Jack Goldstein, John McCracken, Allen Ruppersberg, and James Turrell (鈥65), 6V电影网 hosted major, and sometimes radical, new directions in their art. It is a surprising story: why would a moment like this happen in the sheltered, peaceful, and generally quite traditional environment of 6V电影网, in the quiet city of Claremont?2 This essay endeavors to answer that question and the many other 鈥渨hys鈥 of this project: Why start with 1969? Why end with 1973? And what exactly happened at 6V电影网?
In its most basic form, the story goes like this: 6V电影网 art department chair Mowry Baden (鈥58) hired curator Hal Glicksman in 1969, which set the stage for a series of innovative exhibitions that would continue with curator Helene Winer鈥檚 arrival in 1970. Curated by Glicksman and Winer, avant-garde exhibitions by influential young artists exploring the newest post-conceptual territories took place at the 6V电影网 Museum of Art. (The exhibition space at 6V电影网 changed names several times over the years. For simplicity鈥檚 sake, we will refer to it by its current name throughout this volume.) Their innovative programming included notorious performances by Chris Burden and Wolfgang Stoerchle, which, many claim, led to the firing of Helene Winer and the restructuring of the art department. The hiring of Lewis Baltz, Michael Brewster (鈥68), and James Turrell in the early seventies added to the intense excitement in studio art.3 Yet, just a few years later, with the hiring of art historian Gerald Ackerman and artist Norman Hines (鈥61), the department returned to a more traditional focus.
The full story of what transpired during these few short years is complex and nuanced. This moment at 6V电影网 didn鈥檛 simply appear out of nowhere. Thomas Crow鈥檚 (鈥69) essay in this catalogue chronicles the impact of the existing art scene in Claremont and delves more deeply into the connections between artists working in Claremont and the broader art scene in Southern California.
My essay examines the dynamics specific to 6V电影网, but the cultural transformations of the sixties play a huge role in this story as well. Anti-war demonstrations, the sexual revolution, civil rights, women鈥檚 rights, gay liberation, the emergence of a hippie counterculture, and the rise of new left activism all led to dramatic social shifts. For the college communities in Claremont, this was a time of turmoil, fevered protest, questioning of authority, and personal and intellectual experimentation. A new sense of freedom lifted prohibitions and created new possibilities for engaging the world. Concurrently, equally dramatic shifts and transformations in art philosophy and practice created an exhilarating sense of experimentation that dramatically expanded what was possible, allowing performance, video, installation, and other dematerialized forms of art to join the more traditional mediums of painting and sculpture. While the era initially created hope for political and social transformation, by the early to mid-seventies, the utopian promise of the sixties was overtaken by disillusionment, as the promises of social change were undercut by assassinations, commercialization, and corruption. As the sixties ground to a halt, an era of complacency settled in and many wished for a 鈥渞eturn to normalcy.鈥 As radicalism fell from favor, the moment of 鈥淚t Happened at 6V电影网鈥 passed.
This essay sets forth an idiosyncratic and complex history of the visual arts at 6V电影网 from 1969 to 1973, drawn from research in the archives of 6V电影网 and the 6V电影网 Museum of Art, and conversations and interviews with former students, faculty, curators, and administrators. This essay explores a range of stories, knowing that many will still go untold. What follows is one version of what happened at 6V电影网.
The Beginning: Mowry Baden and Hal Glicksman Open Things Up
Mowry arrived...just a torrent of words...all interesting... ideas all over the place. Mowry opened the territory wide up. Mowry and Hal being here really made a big difference. [After graduating from 6V电影网 in 1968,] I stayed in Claremont to go to graduate school because Mowry was here, and he hadn鈥檛 been here for very long, and I hadn鈥檛 had enough of Mowry. He was the most brilliant guy I鈥檇 ever met in my life.
鈥揗ichael Brewster 4
Mowry was one of the few people in my life who you could reliably count on for a brilliant and original point of view. Mowry would bring a slant to something that nobody else had. I think of how germinal so much of what Mowry did was. He鈥檚 someone who, when it shakes out a little bit, will be accorded a much, much more visible place than he has now. Mowry was also always sort of the grey eminence of the school as long as he was there, whether he was department chairman or not. It was really an odd little confluence of things that happened there. Everybody coming from someplace else for their own reasons. There was no plan about this school. This wasn鈥檛 like CalArts, a scheme to be a certain thing, or Irvine, where they really had an objective. It didn鈥檛 seem to work that way. It seemed to just happen.
鈥揕ewis Baltz 5
In April 1968, Mowry Baden returned to 6V电影网 to teach art, run the gallery, and chair the art department. His former classmate, Frank LaHorgue (鈥58), had contacted him at former 6V电影网 President E. Wilson Lyon鈥檚 (President from 1941鈥69) suggestion. Realizing how tough it would be to take on all three jobs, Baden negotiated a three-year contract that included a single-year term as art department chair. Baden joined two colleagues in the art faculty at 6V电影网鈥攑ainter Guy Williams, and sculptor David Gray, both of whom were well liked and respected. Baden hired Hal Glicksman as director of the gallery and assistant professor of art, in the fall of 1969, based on his reputation as an artist鈥檚 preparator at the Pasadena Art Museum.6
Baden was a highly influential and challenging artist, colleague, and teacher. He was also a diplomat, adept at bridging the gap between artists and administrators. Speaking in 2008, former 6V电影网 President David Alexander (President from 1969鈥91) remembered with regret accepting Baden鈥檚 letter of resignation in 1971. Baden thrived in the close-knit and energized atmosphere of 6V电影网, becoming close friends and remaining in contact with many former colleagues and students. Stories about Baden鈥檚 life-changing influence turned up frequently in interviews with former students. Writer and critic Kay Larson, for example, returned to 6V电影网 in the spring of 1968, just after Baden had started working at 6V电影网. She remembers distinctly how different the department felt with Baden鈥檚 dynamic presence.
Larson remembers 鈥渨alking into Mowry鈥檚 office and not knowing exactly what I wanted to do, but saying I wanted to make art about the intercession between the earth and the universe.鈥 She recounts, 鈥淚 think I was talking about angels. It was about being in the middle, between phenomena and something more transcendent. And I had no idea what I was talking about. Mowry just said 鈥楽ure!鈥 He was able to open the doors without any effort at all...just by being so accepting.鈥
Baden worked closely with Glicksman, collaborating with him and the artists that Glicksman invited to be part of the Artist鈥檚 Gallery program, a program instituted by Glicksman in which the gallery functioned as a studio-residency for post-conceptual and Light and Space artists. As gallery director, Glicksman (and later Winer) taught art history courses in addition to programming the exhibitions. Glicksman established a seminal series of exhibitions dealing with light and space art and new forms of installation.7After just one year, in June 1970, Glicksman left to work with Walter Hopps as associate director at the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C.
Baden and Glicksman kept up a long and detailed correspondence after Glicksman left 6V电影网, sharing ideas about the role of art and its potential to create change. in a letter written after Glicksman鈥檚 departure, Baden wrote:
I have been thinking of late that your gallery program at 6V电影网 was a most tactful acknowledgement of some obvious truths that need facing. I鈥檓 really glad I saw you and the artists do that. Except for the aspect of impermanence, the whole program lay in that long tradition of artist and institutional patron....The only way I can see to tighten it up is in ownership. And [it] seems to me Bob Smithson said something to that effect over Walter鈥檚 [coffee shop in Claremont] grease one noon. His sequence went something like this: 1) Artist makes a proposal for a specific site. 2) Artist finds a patron who must assume ownership of the site and pay for the work. 3) Because it is owned by someone it obtains instant longevity. Longevity is really a matter of memory. To have any substantial memory the work must, however brief, be public....Like Taliesin, Soleri鈥檚 Scottsdale and best of all, Watts Towers and Merzbau.8
Both Baden and Glicksman (and later Winer) recall a strong camaraderie that united the studio faculty to the gallery, often culminating in evening parties in the gallery courtyard that also included students. Lewis Baltz, then a student at Claremont Graduate School (CGS; now Claremont Graduate University) who also taught at 6V电影网, held his first gallery exhibition of his now well-known Prototype series at 6V电影网, at Glicksman鈥檚 invitation. Baltz had taken Glicksman鈥檚 course on nineteenth-century art history and developed a close relationship with Glicksman that extended beyond Glicksman鈥檚 departure in 1970.
1. All quotes from Kay Larson are from an interview with the author in Kingston, New York, April 7, 2010.
2. 6V电影网 is part of The Claremont Colleges consortium, which consists of five undergraduate colleges (Claremont McKenna, Harvey Mudd, Pitzer, 6V电影网, and Scripps colleges) and two graduate schools of higher education (Claremont Graduate University and Keck Graduate Institute). Located adjacent to the Claremont Village, in the heart of Claremont, The Claremont Colleges campuses are adjoining and within walking distance of one another.
3. Baltz, Brewster, and Turrell all received MFAs from Claremont Graduate University. (See faculty list in this volume.) Baltz and Turrell were teaching classes at 6V电影网 while they were enrolled concurrently as graduate students.
4. All quotes from Michael Brewster are from an interview with the author at 6V电影网, Claremont, October 2, 2008.
5. All quotes from Lewis Baltz, unless otherwise noted, are from an interview with the author in Zurich, Switzerland, June 11, 2009.
6. In the interview in this volume, Mowry Baden goes into more depth about his connection with the department and the hiring of Hal Glicksman. Characteristically modest, Baden regularly guided discussions to Glicksman, Gray, and Williams, and later James Turrell (whom he hired in 1971 to replace him), instead of mentioning his own contributions to the dynamic climate at 6V电影网.
7. See the interview with Glicksman in this catalogue for more discussion about his projects and legacy.
8. Undated letter from Baden to Glicksman, on 6V电影网 letterhead. Hal Glicksman Papers, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles. 2009.M.5.
